Researchers from the University of Jyväskylä in Finland are employing a unique approach to map the diversity of fungi worldwide. Utilizing air sampling techniques, the team aims to gain insights into the spatial and seasonal dynamics of fungal spores. Led by Nerea Abrego, PhD, the researchers conducted a study using DNA sequencing to identify fungi from air samples collected across the globe. The findings shed light on the climatic and evolutionary factors influencing the occurrence and seasonal variation of both known and unknown fungi.
The study revealed that the kingdom of fungi follows highly predictable spatial and temporal dynamics globally, with species richness and community composition exhibiting seasonality that increases with latitude. The majority of operational taxonomic units were detected within a single climatic zone, and the patterns of species richness and community composition were primarily explained by annual mean air temperature. Tropical regions were found to host the highest fungal diversity, except for specific types of fungi that reached their peak diversity in temperate regions.
Abrego emphasized the importance of this knowledge in understanding the thriving patterns of different fungal species and predicting their fate amidst ongoing global changes. The researchers also highlighted the significance of studying fungi sequences that are relevant to humans, including those causing diseases in humans, crops, and production animals. Additionally, these sequences can serve as indicators of the loss of nature and the weakening of natural ecosystem processes.
The study encompassed various types of fungi, ranging from boletes and russulas to lichens, bracket fungi, molds, and yeasts, as almost all fungi are partially spread through the air. The researchers believe that biodiversity sampling techniques, including DNA analysis, image recognition, and audio recordings, have the potential to revolutionize biomonitoring and biodiversity forecasts in the future.
In a follow-up project, Abrego is leading a comprehensive study that examines fungi, insects, mammals, birds, bats, and frogs at numerous locations worldwide. The project aims to provide extensive information about natural diversity, particularly focusing on previously poorly known fungi and insects. This information can then be utilized in decision-making processes.
The ongoing research project, funded by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, is part of the regular Finnish national forest inventory coordinated by the Natural Resources Institute Finland. By piloting air sampling and other innovative research methods, the project seeks to enhance understanding of natural diversity and contribute to informed decision-making.
